Method for manufacturing rubber composition

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method for producing a rubber composition containing a rubber component (A) of at least one selected from natural rubbers and synthetic dienic rubbers, a filler containing an inorganic filler (B), a silane coupling agent (C) and a vulcanization promoter (D), wherein the rubber composition is kneaded in multiple stages, and in the first stage of kneading, the rubber component (A), all or a part of the inorganic filler (B), and all or a part of the silane coupling agent (C) are kneaded, and then on the way of the first stage, the vulcanization promoter (D) is added and further kneaded. The production method enables production of a rubber composition having a low-heat-generation property while successfully preventing the coupling function activity of the silane coupling agent from lowering.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method for producing a rubber composition containing an inorganic filler and having an improved low-heat-generation property.

BACKGROUND ART

Recently, in association with the movement of global regulation of carbon dioxide emission associated with the increase in attraction to environmental concerns, the demand for low fuel consumption by automobiles is increasing. To satisfy the requirement, it is desired to reduce rolling resistance relating to tire performance. Heretofore, as a means for reducing the rolling resistance of tires, a method of optimizing tire structures has been investigated; however, at present, a technique of using a low-heat-generating rubber composition for tires has become employed as the most common method.

For obtaining such a low-heat-generating rubber composition, there is known a method of using an inorganic filler such as silica or the like.

However, in incorporating an inorganic filler such as silica or the like in a rubber composition to prepare an inorganic filler-containing rubber composition, the inorganic filler, especially silica aggregates in the rubber composition (owing to the hydroxyl group in the surface of silica), and therefore, for preventing the aggregation, a silane coupling agent is used.

Accordingly, for successfully solving the above-mentioned problem by incorporation of a silane coupling agent, various trials have been made for increasing the activity of the coupling function of the silane coupling agent.

For example, Patent Reference 1 proposes a rubber composition containing, as basic components, at least (i) one diene elastomer, (ii) a white filler as a reinforcing filler and (iii) an alkoxysilane polysulfide as a coupling agent (white filler/diene elastomer) along with (iv) an enamine and (v) a guanidine derivative.

Patent Reference 2 discloses a rubber composition containing, as basic components, at least (i) one diene elastomer, (ii) a white filler as a reinforcing filler and (iii) an alkoxysilane polysulfide as a coupling agent (white filler/diene elastomer) along with (iv) zinc thiophosphate and (v) a guanidine derivative.

Patent Reference 3 describes a rubber composition containing, as basic components, at least (i) a diene elastomer, (ii) an inorganic filler as a reinforcing filler and (iii) an alkoxysilane polysulfide (PSAS) as an (inorganic filler/diene elastomer) coupling agent, as combined with (iv) an aldimine (R—CH═N—R) and (v) a guanidine derivative.

Further, Patent Reference 4 proposes a rubber composition basically containing at least (i) a diene elastomer, (ii) an inorganic filer as a reinforcing filer and (iii) an alkoxysilane polysulfide as a coupling agent, as combined with (iv) 1,2-dihydropyridine and (v) a guanidine derivative.

However, in these inventions, nothing is taken into consideration relating to kneading conditions.

As a case of increasing the activity of the coupling function of a silane coupling agent in consideration of kneading conditions, there is mentioned Patent Reference 5; however, it is desired to further improve the effect of enhancing the activity of the coupling function of a silane coupling agent.

CITATION LIST Patent References

-   Patent Reference 1: JP-T 2002-521515 -   Patent Reference 2: JP-T 2002-521516 -   Patent Reference 3: JP-T 2003-530443 -   Patent Reference 4: JP-T 2003-523472 -   Patent Reference 5: WO2008/123306

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems that the Invention is to Solve

Given the situation as above, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a rubber composition capable of further increasing the activity of the coupling function of a silane coupling agent to thereby successfully produce a low-heat-generating rubber composition.

Means for Solving the Problems

For solving the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have made various investigations of a kneading method of kneading a rubber component, all or a part of an inorganic filler, all or a part of a silane coupling agent, and at least one vulcanization promoter selected from guanidines, sulfenamides, thiazoles, thiurams, dithiocarbamate salts, thioureas and xanthate salts in the first stage of the kneading step therein, and, as a result, have experimentally found that, in order to enhance the activity of the coupling function, it is good to optimize the time when at least one vulcanization promoter selected from guanidines, sulfenamides, thiazoles, thiurams, dithiocarbamate salts, thioureas and xanthate salts is added to the composition, and have completed the present invention.

Specifically, the present invention is a method for producing a rubber composition containing a rubber component (A) of at least one selected from natural rubbers and synthetic dienic rubbers, a filler containing an inorganic filler (B), a silane coupling agent (C) and a vulcanization promoter (D), wherein the rubber composition is kneaded in multiple stages, and in the first stage of kneading, the rubber component (A), all or a part of the inorganic filler (B), and all or a part of the silane coupling agent (C) are kneaded, and then on the way of the first stage, the vulcanization promoter (D) is added and further kneaded.

Advantage of the Invention

According to the present invention, there is provided a method for producing a rubber composition capable of further increasing the activity of the coupling function of a silane coupling agent to produce a rubber composition excellent in low-heat-generation property.

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The present invention is described in detail hereinunder.

The method for producing a rubber composition of the present invention is a method for producing a rubber composition containing a rubber component (A) of at least one selected from natural rubbers and synthetic dienic rubbers, a filler containing an inorganic filler (B), a silane coupling agent (C) and a vulcanization promoter (D), wherein the rubber composition is kneaded in multiple stages, and in the first stage of kneading, the rubber component (A), all or a part of the inorganic filler (B), and all or a part of the silane coupling agent (C) are kneaded, and then on the way of the first stage, the vulcanization promoter (D) is added and further kneaded.

In the present invention, preferably, the vulcanization promoter (D) is at least one selected from guanidines, sulfenamides, thiazoles, thiurams, dithiocarbamate salts, thioureas and xanthate salts.

In the present invention, the vulcanization promoter (D), preferably at least one vulcanization promoter (D) selected from guanidines, sulfenamides, thiazoles, thiurams, dithiocarbamate salts, thioureas and xanthate salts is added in the first stage of kneading, and this is because the vulcanization promoter enhances the activity of the coupling function of the silane coupling agent (C). In the first stage of kneading, the rubber component (A), all or a part of the inorganic filler (B) and all or a part of the silane coupling agent are kneaded and then on the way of the first stage, the vulcanization promoter (D) is added and further kneaded, and this is because the addition of the vulcanization promoter (D) further enhances the coupling function activity enhancing effect. Specifically, in this mode, the silane coupling agent (C) can react with the rubber component (A) after the inorganic filler (B) has sufficiently reacted with silane coupling agent (C).

The time to be taken before the vulcanization promoter (D) is added on the way of the first stage of kneading after the rubber component (A), all or apart of the inorganic filler (B) and all or apart of the silane coupling agent (C) are added in the first stage of kneading is preferably from 10 to 180 seconds. More preferably, the lower limit of the time is at least 30 seconds, and the upper limit thereof is at most 150 seconds, even more preferably at most 120 seconds. When the time is at least 10 seconds, then the reaction of (B) and (C) can fully go on. Even when the time is more than 180 seconds, the reaction of (B) and (C) would have already fully gone on, and any additional effect could no more be expected; and therefore, the upper limit is preferably 180 seconds.

In order to more favorably enhance the activity of the coupling function of the silane coupling agent (C), it is desirable that the vulcanization promoter (D) is added when the temperature of the rubber composition reached 130 to 180° C. in the first stage of kneading.

The kneading step for the rubber composition in the present invention includes at least two stages of the first stage of kneading the others than vulcanization-related chemicals except the vulcanization promoter (D) and the final stage of kneading those including vulcanization-related chemicals, and may optionally include an intermediate stage of kneading the others than vulcanization-related chemicals except the vulcanization promoter (D). Here the vulcanization-related chemicals are chemicals relevant to vulcanization concretely including a vulcanizing agent and a vulcanization promoter.

The first stage of kneading in the present invention is the first stage of kneading the rubber component (A), the inorganic filler (B) and the silane coupling agent (C), but does not include a case of kneading the rubber component (A) and the other filler than the inorganic filler (B) in the initial stage and a case of pre-kneading the rubber component (A) alone.

In the present invention, the kneading stage before the final stage such as the first stage, the intermediate stage and others is a step of mixing the other starting materials than vulcanization-related chemicals (vulcanizing agent and vulcanization promoter), such as the rubber component, the inorganic filler, the coupling agent and others and kneading them, and this is a step of dispersing the inorganic filler in the rubber composition and reinforcing the rubber component. One characteristic feature of the present invention is that the vulcanization promoter (D) is incorporated in the first stage to thereby better the dispersion of the inorganic filler in the rubber composition. As the case may be, the rubber component, the filler and others may be incorporated and kneaded in the intermediate stage.

In case where the method of the present invention includes an intermediate stage after the first stage of kneading and before the final stage, preferably, the highest temperature of the rubber composition in the intermediate kneading stage is from 120 to 190° C., more preferably from 130 to 175° C., even more preferably from 140 to 170° C. The kneading time is preferably from 10 seconds to 20 minutes, more preferably from 10 seconds to 10 minutes, even more preferably from 30 seconds to 5 minutes. When the method includes the intermediate stage, it is desirable that after the first kneading stage, the temperature of the rubber composition is lowered by at least 10° C. than the temperature thereof after the kneading of the first stage and thereafter the composition is processed in the subsequent stage.

The final stage of kneading is a step of incorporating vulcanization-related chemicals (vulcanizing agent, vulcanization promoter) and kneading the ingredients. Preferably, the highest temperature of the rubber composition in the final stage is from 60 to 140° C., more preferably from 80 to 120° C., even more preferably from 100 to 120° C. The kneading time is preferably from 10 seconds to 20 minutes, more preferably from 10 seconds to 10 minutes, even more preferably from 20 seconds to 5 minutes.

When the rubber composition is processed sequentially from the first kneading stage, the intermediate stage to the final stage, it is desirable that the temperature of the rubber composition is lowered by at least 10° C. than the temperature thereof after the first kneading stage and thereafter the composition is processed in the subsequent stage.

[Silane Coupling Agent (C)]

The silane coupling agent (C) for use in the rubber composition production method of the present invention is preferably at least one compound selected from a group consisting of compounds of the following general formulae (I) to (IV).

Using the silane coupling agent (C) of the type, the rubber composition in the method of the present invention is excellent in workability thereof and can give pneumatic tires having good abrasion resistance.

General formulae (I) to (IV) are sequentially described below. [Chemical Formula 1] (R¹O)_(3-p)(R²)_(p)Si—R³—S_(a)—R³—Si(OR¹)_(3-r)(R²)_(r)  (I) wherein multiple R¹'s may be the same or different, each representing a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxylalkyl group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, or a hydrogen atom; multiple R²'s may be the same or different, each representing a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; multiple R³'s may be the same or different, each representing a linear or branched alkylene group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; a indicates from 2 to 6 as a mean value; p and r may be the same or different, each indicating from 0 to 3 as a mean value, provided that both p and r are not 3 at the same time.

Specific examples of the silane coupling agent (C) represented by the above-mentioned general formula (I) include

-   bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, -   bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, -   bis(3-methyldimethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, -   bis(2-triethoxysilylethyl)tetrasulfide, -   bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide, -   bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide, -   bis(3-methyldimethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide, -   bis(2-triethoxysilylethyl)disulfide, -   bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)trisulfide, -   bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)trisulfide, -   bis(3-methyldimethoxysilylpropyl)trisulfide, -   bis(2-triethoxysilylethyl)trisulfide, -   bis(3-monoethoxydimethylsilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, -   bis(3-monoethoxydimethylsilylpropyl)trisulfide, -   bis(3-monoethoxydimethylsilylpropyl)disulfide, -   bis(3-monomethoxydimethylsilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, -   bis(3-monomethoxydimethylsilylpropyl)trisulfide, -   bis(3-monomethoxydimethylsilylpropyl)disulfide, -   bis(2-monoethoxydimethylsilylethyl)tetrasulfide, -   bis(2-monoethoxydimethylsilylethyl)trisulfide, -   bis(2-monoethoxydimethylsilylethyl)disulfide.

wherein R⁴ represents a monovalent group selected from —Cl, —Br, R⁹O—, R⁹C(═O)O—, R⁹R¹⁰C═NO—, R⁹R¹⁰CNO—, R⁹R¹⁰N—, and —(OSiR⁹R¹⁰)_(h)(OSiR⁹R¹⁰R¹¹) (where R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ each represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; and h indicates from 1 to 4 as a mean value); R⁵ represents R⁴, a hydrogen atom, or a hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; R⁶ represents R⁴, R⁵, a hydrogen atom, or a group —[O(R¹²O)_(j)]_(0.5) (where R¹² represents an alkylene group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; and j indicates an integer of from 1 to 4); R⁷ represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; R⁸ represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; x, y and z each indicates a number satisfying the relationship of x+y+2z=3, 0≦x≦3, 0≦y≦2, 0≦z≦1.

In the general formula (II), R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ may be the same or different, each preferably representing a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms. In case where R⁵ is a monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, the group is preferably a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl group. Preferably, R¹² is a linear, cyclic or branched alkylene group, and is more preferably a linear one. R⁷ is, for example, an alkylene group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an alkenylene group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene group having from 5 to 18 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylalkylene group having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, an arylene group having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, or an aralkylene group having from 7 to 18 carbon atoms. The alkylene group and the alkenylene group may be linear or branched; and the cycloalkylene group, the cycloalkylalkylene group, the arylene group and the aralkylene group may have a substituent such as a lower alkyl group or the like on the ring thereof. Preferably, R⁷ is an alkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably a linear alkylene group, for example, a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group or a hexamethylene group.

Specific examples of the monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms of R⁵, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ in the general formula (II) include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, an octyl group, a decyl group, a dodecyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a vinyl group, a propenyl group, an allyl group, a hexenyl group, an octenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a xylyl group, a naphthyl group, a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, a naphthylmethyl group, etc.

Examples of R¹² in the general formula (II) include a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, a pentamethylene group, a hexamethylene group, an octamethylene group, a decamethylene group, a dodecamethylene group, etc.

Specific examples of the silane coupling agent (C) represented by the general formula (II) include

-   3-hexanoylthiopropyltriethoxysilane, -   3-octanoylthiopropyltriethoxysilane, -   3-decanoylthiopropyltriethoxysilane, -   3-lauroylthiopropyltriethoxysilane, -   2-hexanoylthioethyltriethoxysilane, -   2-octanoylthioethyltriethoxysilane, -   2-decanoylthioethyltriethoxysilane, -   2-lauroylthioethyltriethoxysilane, -   3-hexanoylthiopropyltrimethoxysilane, -   3-octanoylthiopropyltrimethoxysilane, -   3-decanoylthiopropyltrimethoxysilane, -   3-lauroylthiopropyltrimethoxysilane, -   2-hexanoylthioethyltrimethoxysilane, -   2-octanoylthioethyltrimethoxysilane, -   2-decanoylthioethyltrimethoxysilane,     2-lauroylthioethyltrimethoxysilane, etc. Of those, especially     preferred is 3-octanoylthiopropyltriethoxysilane (General Electric     Silicones' trade name NXT Silane).     [Chemical Formula 3]     (R¹³O)_(3-s)(R¹⁴)_(s)Si—R¹⁵—S_(k)—R¹⁶—S_(k)—R¹⁵—Si(OR¹³)_(3-t)(R¹⁴)_(t)  (III)     wherein multiple R¹³'s may be the same or different, each     representing a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having from 1     to 8 carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxylalkyl group having     from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, or a hydrogen atom; multiple R¹⁴'s may be     the same or different, each representing a linear, cyclic or     branched alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; multiple R¹⁵'s     may be the same or different, each representing a linear or branched     alkylene group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R¹⁶ represents a     divalent group of a general formula (—S—R¹⁷—S—), (—R¹⁸—S_(m1)—R¹⁹—)     or (—R²⁰—S_(m2)—R²¹—S_(m3)—R²²—) (where R¹⁷ to R²² each represents a     divalent hydrocarbon group, a divalent aromatic group or a divalent     organic group containing a hetero element except sulfur and oxygen,     having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; m1, m2 and m3 may be the same or     different, each indicating from 1 to less than 4 as a mean value);     multiple k's may be the same or different, each indicating from 1 to     6 as a mean value; s and t each indicates from 0 to 3 as a mean     value, provided that both s and t are not 3 at the same time.

Preferred examples of the silane coupling agent (C) represented by the above-mentioned general formula (III) are compounds represented by an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S₂—(CH₂)₆—S₂—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S₂—(CH₂)₁₀—S₂—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S₃—(CH₂)₆—S₃—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S₄—(CH₂)₆—S₄—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S—(CH₂)₆—S₂—(CH₂)₆—S—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S—(CH₂)₆—S_(2.5)—(CH₂)₆—S—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S—(CH₂)₆—S₃—(CH₂)₆—S—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S—(CH₂)₆—S₄—(CH₂)₆—S—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S—(CH₂)₁₀—S₂—(CH₂)₁₀—S—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S₄—(CH₂)₆—S₄—(CH₂)₆—S₄—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S₂—(CH₂)₆—S₂—(CH₂)₆—S₂—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, an average compositional formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S—(CH₂)₆—S₂—(CH₂)₆—S₂—(CH₂)₆—S—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, etc.

wherein R²³ represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; multiple G's may be the same or different, each representing an alkanediyl group or an alkenediyl group having from 1 to 9 carbon atoms; multiple Z^(a)'s may be the same or different, each representing a functional group capable of bonding to the two silicon atoms and selected from [—O—]_(0.5), [—O-G-]_(0.5) and [—O-G-O—]_(0.5); multiple Z^(b)'s may be the same or different, each representing a functional group capable of bonding to the two silicon atoms and represented by [—O-G-O—]_(0.5); multiple Z^(c)'s may be the same or different, each representing a functional group selected from —Cl, —Br, —OR^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)R^(b)C═NO—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)— and HO-G-O— (where G is the same as above); R^(a) and R^(b) each represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; m, n, u, v and w each are 1≦m≦20, 0≦n≦20, 0≦u≦3, 0≦v≦2, 0≦w≦1, and (u/2)+v+2w is 2 or 3; in case where the formula has multiple A's, then Z^(a) _(u), Z^(b) _(v) and Z^(c) _(w) may be the same or different in those multiple A's; in case where the formula has multiple B's, then Z^(a) _(u), Z^(b) _(v) and Z^(c) _(w) may be the same or different in those multiple B's.

Specific examples of the silane coupling agent (C) represented by the general formula (IV) include the following chemical formula (V), chemical formula (VI) and chemical formula (VII):

In the formula, L each independently represents an alkanediyl group or an alkenediyl group having from 1 to 9 carbon atoms; and x=m and y=n.

As the silane coupling agent represented by the chemical formula (V), a commercial product is available as “NXT Low-V Silane”, a trade name by Momentive Performance Materials.

As the silane coupling agent represented by the chemical formula (VI), a commercial product is available as “NXT Ultra Low-V Silane”, a trade name by Momentive Performance Materials.

Further, as the silane coupling agent represented by the chemical formula (VII), there is mentioned a commercial product of “NXT-Z”, a trade name by Momentive Performance Materials.

The silane coupling agent represented by the general formula (II), the chemical formula (V) or the chemical formula (VI) has a protected mercapto group, and is therefore effective for preventing initial scorching in the processing process before the vulcanization step, and accordingly, the processability thereof is good.

In the silane coupling agent represented by the general formula (V), (VI) or (VII), the carbon number of the alkoxysilane is large, and therefore the amount of the volatile compound VOC (especially alcohol) to be generated from the agent is small, and accordingly, the agent is favorable in point of working environment. Further, the silane coupling agent of the chemical formula (VII) provides a low-heat-generation property as tire performance, and is therefore more preferred.

Of the compounds represented by the general formulae (I) to (IV), those represented by the above-mentioned general formula (I) are especially preferred as the silane coupling agent (C) for use in the present invention. The vulcanization promoter (D) can readily activate the polysulfide bond that reacts with the rubber component (A).

In the present invention, one alone or two or more different types of the silane coupling agents (C) may be used either singly or as combined.

Regarding the amount of the silane coupling agent (C) to be in the rubber composition in the present invention, preferably, the ratio by mass of {silane coupling agent (C)/inorganic filler (B)} is from (1/100) to (20/100). When the ratio is at least (1/100), then the effect of enhancing the low-heat-generation property of the rubber composition can be more successfully exhibited; and when at most (20/100), the cost of the rubber composition is low and the economic potential thereof increases. Further, the ratio by mass is more preferably from (3/100) to (20/100), even more preferably from (4/100) to (10/100).

[Vulcanization Promoter (D)]

Guanidines, sulfenamides, thiazoles, thiurams, dithiocarbamate salts, thioureas and xanthate salts preferred for the vulcanization promoter (D) for use in the rubber composition production method of the present invention are described in detail.

The guanidines for use in the rubber composition production method of the present invention include 1,3-diphenylguanidine, 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine, 1-o-tolylbiguanide, dicatechol borate di-o-tolylguanidine salt, 1,3-di-o-cumenylguanidine, 1,3-di-o-biphenylguanidine, 1,3-di-o-cumenyl-2-propionylguanidine, etc. Preferred are 1,3-diphenylguanidine, 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine and 1-o-tolylbiguanide as having high reactivity.

The sulfenamides for use in the rubber composition production method of the present invention include

-   N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-methyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-ethyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-propyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-pentyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-hexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-pentyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-octyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-2-ethylhexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-decyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-dodecyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-stearyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, -   N,N-dimethyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, -   N,N-diethyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, -   N,N-dipropyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, -   N,N-dibutyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, -   N,N-dipentyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, -   N,N-dihexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, -   N,N-dipentyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, -   N,N-dioctyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, -   N,N-di-2-ethylhexylbenzothiazolylsulfenamide, -   N-decyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, -   N,N-didodecyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide,     N,N-distearyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, etc. Of those, preferred     are N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide and     N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulenamide, as having high reactivity.

The thiazoles for use in the rubber composition production method of the present invention include 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole zinc salt, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole cyclohexylamine salt, 2-(N,N-diethylthiocarbamoylthio)benzothiazole, 2-(4′-morpholinodithio)benzothiazole, 4-methyl-2-mercaptobenzothiazole, di-(4-methyl-2-benzothiazolyl)disulfide, 5-chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole sodium, 2-mercapto-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-mercapto-naphtho[1,2-d]thiazole, 2-mercapto-5-methoxybenzothiazole, 6-amino-2-mercaptobenzothiazole, etc. Of those, preferred are 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, as having high reactivity.

The thiurams for use in the rubber composition production method of the present invention include tetramethylthiuram disulfide, tetraethylthiuram disulfide, tetrapropylthiuram disulfide, tetraisopropylthiuram disulfide, tetrabutylthiuram disulfide, tetrapentylthiuram disulfide, tetrahexylthiuram disulfide, tetraheptylthiuram disulfide, tetraoctylthiuram disulfide, tetranonylthiuram disulfide, tetradecylthiuram disulfide, tetradodecylthiuram disulfide, tetrastearylthiuram disulfide, tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide, tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram disulfide, tetramethylthiuram monosulfide, tetraethylthiuram monosulfide, tetrapropylthiuram monosulfide, tetraisopropylthiuram monosulfide, tetrabutylthiuram monosulfide, tetrapentylthiuram monosulfide, tetrahexylthiuram monosulfide, tetraheptylthiuram monosulfide, tetraoctylthiuram monosulfide, tetranonylthiurammonosulfide, tetradecylthiuram monosulfide, tetradodecylthiuram monosulfide, tetrastearylthiuram monosulfide, tetrabenzylthiuram monosulfide, dipentamethylthiuram tetrasulfide, etc. Of those, preferred are tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram disulfide and tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide, as having high reactivity.

The thioureas for use in the rubber composition production method of the present invention include N,N′-diphenylthiourea, trimethylthiourea, N,N′-diethylthiourea, N,N′-dimethylthiourea, N,N′-dibutylthiourea, ethylenethiourea, N,N′-diisopropylthiourea, N,N′-dicyclohexylthiourea, 1,3-di(o-tolyl)thiourea, 1,3-di(p-tolyl)thiourea, 1,1-diphenyl-2-thiourea, 2,5-dithiobiurea, guanylthiourea, 1-(1-naphthyl)-2-thiourea, 1-phenyl-2-thiourea, p-tolylthiourea, o-tolylthiourea, etc. Of those, preferred are N,N′-diethylthiourea, trimethylthiourea, N,N′-diphenylthiourea and N,N′-dimethylthiourea, as having high reactivity.

The dithiocarbamate salts for use in the rubber composition production method of the present invention include zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, zinc diethyldithiocarbamate, zinc dipropyldithiocarbamate, zinc diisopropyldithiocarbamate, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, zinc dipentyldithiocarbamate, zinc dihexyldithiocarbamate, zinc diheptyldithiocarbamate, zinc dioctyldithiocarbamate, zinc di(2-ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate, zinc didecyldithiocarbamate, zinc didodecyldithiocarbamate, zinc N-pent amethylenedithiocarbamate, zinc N-ethyl-N-phenyldithiocarbamate, zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate, copper dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper diethyldithiocarbamate, copper dipropyldithiocarbamate, copper diisopropyldithiocarbamate, copper dibutyldithiocarbamate, copper dipentyldithiocarbamate, copper dihexyldithiocarbamate, copper diheptyldithiocarbamate, copper dioctyldithiocarbamate, copper di(2-ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate, copper didecyldithiocarbamate, copper didodecyldithiocarbamate, copper N-pent amethylenedithiocarbamate, copper dibenzyldithiocarbamate, sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, sodium dipropyldithiocarbamate, sodium diisopropyldithiocarbamate, sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate, sodium dipentyldithiocarbamate, sodium dihexyldithiocarbamate, sodium diheptyldithiocarbamate, sodium dioctyldithiocarbamate, sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate, sodium didecyldithiocarbamate, sodium didodecyldithiocarbamate, sodium N-pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, sodium dibenzyldithiocarbamate, ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate, ferric diethyldithiocarbamate, ferric dipropyldithiocarbamate, ferric diisopropyldithiocarbamate, ferric dibutyldithiocarbamate, ferric dipentyldithiocarbamate, ferric dihexyldithiocarbamate, ferric diheptyldithiocarbamate, ferric dioctyldithiocarbamate, ferric di(2-ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate, ferric didecyldithiocarbamate, ferric didodecyldithiocarbamate, ferric N-pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, ferric dibenzyldithiocarbamate, etc. Of those, preferred are zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate, zinc N-ethyl-N-phenyldithiocarbamate, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and copper dimethyldithiocarbamate, as having high reactivity.

The xanthate salts for use in the rubber composition production method of the present invention include zinc methylxanthate, zinc ethylxanthate, zinc propylxanthate, zinc isopropylxanthate, zinc butylxanthate, zinc pentylxanthate, zinc hexylxanthate, zinc heptylxanthate, zinc octylxanthate, zinc 2-ethylhexylxanthate, zinc decylxanthate, zinc dodecylxanthate, potassium methylxanthate, potassium ethylxanthate, potassium propylxanthate, potassium isopropylxanthate, potassium butylxanthate, potassium pentylxanthate, potassium hexylxanthate, potassium heptylxanthate, potassium octylxanthate, potassium 2-ethylhexylxanthate, potassium decylxanthate, potassium dodecylxanthate, sodium methylxanthate, sodium ethylxanthate, sodium propylxanthate, sodium isopropylxanthate, sodium butylxanthate, sodium pentylxanthate, sodium hexylxanthate, sodium heptylxanthate, sodium octylxanthate, sodium 2-ethylhexylxanthate, sodium decylxanthate, sodium dodecylxanthate, etc. Of those, preferred is zinc isopropylxanthate, as having high reactivity.

In the first stage of kneading in the present invention, preferably, the number of molecules (molar number) of the vulcanization promoter (D) in the rubber composition is from 0.1 to 1.0 time the number of molecules (molar number) of the silane coupling agent (C) therein. When the molar number is at least 0.1 times, then the silane coupling agent (C) can be fully activated; and when at most 1.0 time, then the agent would not have any significant influence on the vulcanization speed. More preferably, the number of molecules (molar number) of the vulcanization promoter (D) is from 0.2 to 0.6 times the number of molecules (molar number) of the silane coupling agent (C).

The vulcanization promoter (D) may act also as a promoter for sulfur vulcanization, and if desired, a suitable amount thereof may be incorporated also in the final stage of kneading. In case where a vulcanization promoter is incorporated in the final stage of kneading, the agent is not limited to the vulcanization promoter (D) of the present invention but may be any known vulcanization promoter.

[Rubber Component (A)]

As the synthetic dienic rubber of the rubber component (A) for use in the rubber composition production method of the present invention, usable here are styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), polyisoprene rubber (IR), butyl rubber (IIR), ethylene-propylene-diene tercopolymer rubber (EPDM), etc. One or more different types of natural rubbers and synthetic dienic rubbers may be used here either singly or as combined.

As the inorganic filler (B) for use in the rubber composition production method of the present invention, usable are silica and an inorganic compound represented by the following general formula (VIII): dM¹ .xSiO_(y) .zH₂O  (VIII)

In the general formula (VIII), M¹ represents at least one selected from a metal selected from aluminium, magnesium, titanium, calcium and zirconium, and oxides or hydroxides of those metals, their hydrates, or carbonates of the metals; d, x, y and z each indicates an integer of from 1 to 5, an integer of from 0 to 10, an integer of from 2 to 5, and an integer of from 0 to 10, respectively.

In the general formula (VIII), when x and z are both 0, then the inorganic compound is at least one metal selected from aluminium, magnesium, titanium, calcium and zirconium, or a metal oxide or metal hydroxide thereof.

In the present invention, silica is preferred as the inorganic filler (B) from the viewpoint of satisfying both low rolling property and abrasion resistance. As silica, any commercially-available one is usable here; and above all, preferred is wet silica, dry silica or colloidal silica, and more preferred is wet silica. Preferably, the BET specific surface area (as measured according to ISO 5794/1) of silica for use herein is from 40 to 350 m²/g. Silica of which the BET specific surface area falls within the range is advantageous in that it satisfies both rubber-reinforcing capability and dispersibility in rubber component. From this viewpoint, silica of which the BET specific surface area falls within a range of from 80 to 350 m²/g is more preferred; silica of which the BET specific surface area falls within a range of more than 130 m²/g to 350 m²/g is even more preferred; and silica of which the BET specific surface area falls within a range of from 135 to 350 m²/g is even more preferred. As silicas of those types, usable here are commercial products of Tosoh Silica's trade names “Nipseal AQ” (BET specific surface area=205 m²/g) and “Nipseal KQ” (BET specific surface area=240 m²/g); Degussa's trade name “Ultrasil VN3” (BET specific surface area=175 m²/g), etc.

As the inorganic compound represented by the general formula (VIII), usable here are alumina (Al₂O₃) such as γ-alumina, α-alumina, etc.; alumina monohydrate (Al₂O₃.H₂O) such as boehmite, diaspore, etc.; aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH)₃] such as gypsite, bayerite, etc.; aluminium carbonate [Al₂(CO₃)₂], magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂], magnesium oxide (MgO), magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃), talc (3MgO.4SiO₂.H₂O), attapulgite (5MgO.8SiO₂.9H₂O), titanium white (TiO₂), titanium black (TiO_(2n-1)), calcium oxide (CaO), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂], aluminium magnesium oxide (MgO.Al₂O₃), clay (Al₂O₃.2SiO₂), kaolin (Al₂O₃.2SiO₂.2H₂O), pyrophyllite (Al₂O₃.4SiO₂.H₂O), bentonite (Al₂O₃.4SiO₂.2H₂O), aluminium silicate (Al₂SiO₅, Al₄.3SiO₄.5H₂O, etc.), magnesium silicate (Mg₂SiO₄, MgSiO₃, etc.), calcium silicate (Ca₂.SiO₄, etc.), aluminium calcium silicate (Al₂O₃.CaO.2SiO₂, etc.), magnesium calcium silicate (CaMgSiO₄), calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), zirconium oxide (ZrO₂), zirconium hydroxide [ZrO(OH)₂.nH₂O], zirconium carbonate [Zr(CO₃)₂]; as well as crystalline aluminosilicate salts containing a charge-correcting hydrogen, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal such as various types of zeolite. Preferably, M¹ in the general formula (VIII) is at least one selected from aluminium metal, aluminium oxide or hydroxide, and their hydrates, or aluminium carbonate.

One or more different types of the inorganic compounds of the general formula (VIII) may be used here either singly or as combined. The mean particle size of the inorganic compound is preferably within a range of from 0.01 to 10 μm from the viewpoint of the balance of kneading workability, abrasion resistance and wet grip performance, and more preferably within a range of from 0.05 to 5 μm.

As the inorganic filler (B) in the present invention, silica alone may be used, or silica as combined with at least one inorganic compound of the general formula (VIII) may be used.

If desired, the filler in the rubber composition in the present invention may contain carbon black in addition to the above-mentioned inorganic filler (B). Containing carbon black, the filler enjoys the effect of lowering the electric resistance of the rubber composition to thereby prevent static electrification thereof. Carbon black for use herein is not specifically defined. For example, preferred is use of high, middle or low-structure SAF, ISAF, IISAF, N339, HAF, FEF, GPF, SRF-grade carbon black; and more preferred is use of SAF, ISAF, IISAF, N339, HAF, FEF-grade carbon black. Preferably, the nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N₂SA, as measured according to JIS K 6217-2:2001) of such carbon black is from 30 to 250 m²/g. One alone or two or more different types of such carbon black may be used here either singly or as combined. In the present invention, the inorganic filler (B) does not contain carbon black.

The inorganic filler (B) in the rubber composition in the present invention is preferably in an amount of from 20 to 120 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the rubber component (A). When the amount is at least 20 parts by mass, then it is favorable from the viewpoint of securing wet performance; and when at most 120 parts by mass, then it is favorable from the viewpoint of reducing rolling resistance. Further, the amount is more preferably from 30 to 100 parts by mass.

Also preferably, the filler in the rubber composition in the present invention is in an amount of from 20 to 150 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the rubber component (A). When the amount is at least 20 parts by mass, then it is favorable from the viewpoint of enhancing rubber composition reinforcing capability; and when at most 150 parts by mass, then it is favorable from the viewpoint of reducing rolling resistance.

In the filler, preferably, the amount of the inorganic filler (B) is at least 30% by mass from the viewpoint of satisfying both wet performance and reduced rolling resistance, more preferably at least 40% by mass, and even more preferably at least 70% by mass.

In case where silica is used as the inorganic filler (B), it is desirable that silica accounts for at least 30% by mass of the filler, more preferably at least 35% by mass.

[Organic Acid Compound]

In the production method of the present invention, it is desirable that the number of molecules (molar number) of the organic acid compound in the rubber composition in the first stage of kneading is at most 1.5 times the number of molecules (molar number) of the vulcanization promoter (D) therein. This is for favorably preventing the effect of enhancing the coupling function activity by incorporation of the vulcanization promoter (D), from lowering.

The organic acid compound to be incorporated in the rubber composition in the present invention includes organic acids, for example, saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids such as stearic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, capric acid, pelargonic acid, caprylic acid, enanthic acid, caproic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linolic acid, linolenic acid, nervonic acid, etc.; as well as resin acids such as rosin acid, modified rosin acid, etc.; and esters of the above-mentioned saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids and resin acids, etc.

In the present invention, preferably, at least 50 mol % of the organic acid compound in the rubber composition in the first stage of kneading is stearic acid, in order that the vulcanization promoter must fully exhibit its function.

In case where the rubber component (A) contains at least one selected from emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer and natural rubber, preferably, at least 50 mol % of the organic acid compound (E) in the rubber composition in the first stage of kneading is at least one compound selected from rosin acids and fatty acids contained in at least one selected from the emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer and the natural rubber. The rosin acids (including modified rosin acids) and fatty acids contained in an emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer are derived from the emulsifying agent necessary for producing the emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer. Natural rubbers generally contain a small amount of fatty acids.

In the rubber composition production method of the present invention, various additives that are generally incorporated in a rubber composition, for example, a vulcanization activator such as zinc flower or the like, an antiaging agent and others may be optionally added and kneaded in the first stage or the final stage of kneading, or in the intermediate stage between the first stage and the final stage.

As the kneading apparatus for the production method of the present invention, usable is any of a Banbury mixer, a roll, an intensive mixer, a kneader, a double-screw extruder, etc.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is described in more detail with reference to the following Examples; however, the present invention is not limited at all by the following Examples.

Low-heat-generating property (tan δ index) was evaluated according to the following method.

Low-Heat-Generation Property (tan δ Index)

Using a viscoelasticity measuring device (by Rheometric), tan δ of the rubber composition sample was measured at a temperature of 60° C., at a dynamic strain of 5% and at a frequency of 15 Hz. Based on the reciprocal of tan δ in Comparative Example 1, 10 or 17, as referred to 100, the data were expressed as index indication according to the following formula. The samples having a larger index value have a better low-heat-generation property and have a smaller hysteresis loss. Low-Heat-Generation Index={(tan δ of vulcanized rubber composition of Comparative Example 1, 8, 15, 45, 51, 57 or 63)/(tan δ of vulcanized rubber composition tested)}×100

Production Example 1 Production of Silane Coupling Agent Represented by Average Compositional Formula (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S—(CH₂)₆—S_(2.5)—(CH₂)₆—S—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃

119 g (0.5 mol) of 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane was put into a 2-liter separable flask equipped with a nitrogen-introducing duct, a thermometer, a Dimroth condenser and a dropping funnel, and with stirring, 151.2 g (0.45 mol) of an ethanol solution of sodium ethoxide having an effective ingredient concentration of 20% by mass was added thereto. Subsequently, this was heated up to 80° C. and stirred for 3 hours. Afterwards, this was cooled and transferred into a dropping funnel.

Next, 69.75 g (0.45 mol) of 1,6-dichlorohexane was put into the same separable flask as above, heated up to 80° C., and the reaction product of 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane and sodium ethoxide was slowly and dropwise added thereto. After the addition, this was stirred for 5 hours at 80° C. Subsequently, this was cooled, and salt was separated from the obtained solution through filtration, and ethanol and excessive 1,6-dichlorohexane were removed therefrom through reduced-pressure distillation. The obtained solution was distilled under reduced pressure to give 137.7 g of a colorless transparent liquid having a boiling point of 148 to 150° C./0.005 Torr (0.67 Pa). As a result of IR analysis, ¹H-NMR analysis and mass spectrometry analysis (MS analysis), the product was a compound represented by (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃S—(CH₂)₆—Cl. Through gas chromatography analysis (GC analysis), the purity of the compound was 97.5%.

Next, 80 g of ethanol, 5.46 g (0.07 mol) of anhydrous sodium sulfide and 3.36 g (0.105 mol) of sulfur were put into a 0.5-liter separable flask similar to the above, and heated up to 80° C. With stirring the solution, 49.91 g (0.14 mol) of the above (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S—(CH₂)₆—Cl was gradually and dropwise added thereto. After the addition, this was stirred for 10 hours at 80° C. After the stirring, this was cooled, the formed salt was taken out through filtration, and then the solvent ethanol was evaporated away under reduced pressure.

The obtained, red-brown transparent solution was analyzed through IR analysis, ¹H-NMR analysis and ultra-critical chromatography analysis, which confirmed that the product is a compound represented by an average compositional formula, (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S—(CH₂)₆—S_(2.5)—(CH₂)₆—S—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃. In GPC analysis, the purity of the product was 85.2%.

Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6

According to the compositional formulation and the kneading method shown in Table 1, the ingredients were kneaded in a Banbury mixer in such a controlled manner that, after addition of the rubber component, silica, the silane coupling agent and others in the first stage of kneading, the time (second) before addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine and the temperature (° C.) of the rubber composition at addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine could be as in Table 1, or in the first stage of kneading, 1,3-diphenylguanidine was not added and the ingredients were kneaded in the Banbury mixer, thereby preparing 12 types of rubber compositions. The obtained, 12 rubber compositions were evaluated in point of the low-heat-generation property (tan δ index) thereof according to the above-mentioned method. The results are shown in Table 1.

In Tables 1 to 32, “according to kneading method A” means that, in the first stage of kneading the rubber composition, the rubber component (A), the inorganic filler (B) and the silane coupling agent (C) were kneaded, and then the vulcanization promoter (D) was added thereto on the way of the first stage, and further kneaded. “According to kneading method B” means that, in the first stage of kneading the rubber composition, the inorganic filler (B), the silane coupling agent (C) and the vulcanization promoter (D) were added all together and kneaded.

TABLE 1 Example Comparative Example part by mass 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 of Kneading Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 — Silica *3 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 — 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1.0 1.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 0.3 1.5 1.0 0.1 2.5 — — — — — — according to kneading method A 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 — — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — 2.0 2.0 — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine after addition 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — 0 0 — of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — 70 70 — 1,3-diphenylguanidine Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation 138 135 136 144 119 133 100 101 104 107 104 102 Property Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1: JSR's emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR), trade name “#1500” *2: N220 (ISAF), Asahi Carbon's trade name “#80” *3: Tosoh Silica's trade name “Nipseal AQ”, BET specific surface area 205 m²/g *4: Bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide (mean sulfur chain length: 2.35), Evonik's silane coupling agent, trade name “Si75” (registered trademark) *5: N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, by Ouchi Shinko Chemical, trade name “Noclac 6C” *6: 1,3-Diphenylguanidine, Sanshin Chemical's trade name “Sanceler D” *7: 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline polymer, Ouchi Shinko Chemical's trade name “Noclac 224” *8: Di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, Sanshin Chemical's trade name “Sanceler DM” *9: N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, Sanshin Chemical's trade name “Sanceler NS”

Examples 7 to 14, and Comparative Example 7

Next, according to the compositional formulation and the kneading method shown in Table 2, the ingredients were kneaded in a Banbury mixer in such a controlled manner that, after addition of the rubber component, silica, the silane coupling agent and others in the first stage of kneading, the time (second) before addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine and the temperature (° C.) of the rubber composition at addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine could be as in Table 2, or in the first stage of kneading, 1,3-diphenylguanidine was not added and the ingredients were kneaded in the Banbury mixer, thereby preparing 9 types of rubber compositions. The obtained, 9 rubber compositions were evaluated in point of the low-heat-generation property (tan δ index) thereof according to the above-mentioned method. The results are shown in Table 2. For comparison, the data of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 are again shown therein.

TABLE 2 Comparative Example Example part by mass 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 7 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 — — 100 — of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-B *10 — — — — — — — 100 100 — 100 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — according to kneading method A 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 — — — — — — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — — — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine after addition 90 90 60 30 60 120 120 90 60 — — of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 145 120 95 130 130 145 130 120 — — 1,3-diphenylguanidine Vulcanizate Physical Property Low-Heat-Generation 138 144 130 125 135 132 138 145 135 100 102 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1. *10: Asahi Kasei's solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR), trade name “Toughden 2000”

Examples 15 to 21, and Comparative Examples 8 to 14

According to the compositional formulation and the kneading method shown in Table 3, the ingredients were kneaded in a Banbury mixer in such a controlled manner that, after addition of the rubber component, silica, the silane coupling agent and others in the first stage of kneading, the time (second) before addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine and the temperature (° C.) of the rubber composition at addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine could be as in Table 3, or in the first stage of kneading, 1,3-diphenylguanidine was not added and the ingredients were kneaded in the Banbury mixer, thereby preparing 14 types of rubber compositions. The obtained, 14 rubber compositions were evaluated in point of the low-heat-generation property (tan δ index) thereof according to the above-mentioned method. The results are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Example Comparative Example part by mass 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized 75 50 25 80 — 80 — 75 50 25 80 — 80 — of SBR-A *1 Kneading Solution-Polymerized 25 50 75 — 80 — 80 25 50 75 — 80 — 80 SBR-B *10 Natural rubber *11 — — — 20 20 — — — — — 20 20 — — Unmodified BR *12 — — — — — 20 20 — — — — — 20 20 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Silane Coupling Agent 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Si75 *4 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 6PPD *5 1,3- 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — — — — — — Diphenylguanidine *6 according to kneading method A 1,3- — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Diphenylguanidine *6 according to kneading method B Final Antiaging Agent 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Stage of TMDQ *7 Kneading Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3- 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Diphenylguanidine *6 Vulcanization 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Promoter MBTS *8 Vulcanization 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Promoter TBBS *9 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 1,3- 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — — — — — diphenylguanidine after addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — — — — — at addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation 135 132 125 142 148 145 152 100 100 100 110 111 114 114 Property Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *2 to *10 are all the same as in Table 1 and Table 2.

Examples 22 to 29, and Comparative Examples 15 to 18

According to the compositional formulation and the kneading method shown in Table 4, the ingredients were kneaded in a Banbury mixer in such a controlled manner that, after addition of the rubber component, silica, the silane coupling agent and others in the first stage of kneading, the time (second) before addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine and the temperature (° C.) of the rubber composition at addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine could be as in Table 4, or in the first stage of kneading, 1,3-diphenylguanidine was not added and the ingredients were kneaded in the Banbury mixer, thereby preparing 12 types of rubber compositions. The obtained, 12 rubber compositions were evaluated in point of the low-heat-generation property (tan δ index) thereof according to the above-mentioned method. The results are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Example part by mass 22 23 24 25 26 27 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — — — 6.5 — — Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 according to kneading method A 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — 2.0 2.0 of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine after addition 90 90 90 90 90 90 of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 1,3-diphenylguanidine Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation 130 125 122 138 138 126 Property Property (tanδ index) Example Comparative Example part by mass 28 29 15 16 17 18 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — — — 6.5 — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid — — 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 — — — — according to kneading method A 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine after addition 90 90 — — — — of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 — — — — 1,3-diphenylguanidine Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation 124 145 100 115 110 112 Property Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1. *13: JSR's emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR), trade name “#1712” *14: Asahi Kasei's solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR), trade name “Toughden 3835” *15: 3-Octanoylthiopropyltriethoxysilane, Momentive Performance Materials' trade name “NXT Silane” (registered trademark) *13: Silane coupling agent represented by the chemical formula (VII), Momentive Performance Materials' trade name “NXT-Z” (registered trademark) *17: Silane coupling agent represented by the following average compositional formula: (CH₃CH₂O)₃Si—(CH₂)₃—S—(CH₂)₆—S_(2.5)—(CH₂)₆—S—(CH₂)₃—Si(OCH₂CH₃)₃, which was prepared in Production Example 1 *18: N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, Ouchi Shinko Chemical's trade name “Noclac CZ”

Examples 30 and 31, and Comparative Examples 19 to 21

According to the compositional formulation and the kneading method shown in Table 5, the ingredients were kneaded in a Banbury mixer in such a controlled manner that, after addition of the rubber component, silica, the silane coupling agent and others in the first stage of kneading, the time (second) before addition of guanidines and the temperature (° C.) of the rubber composition at addition of guanidines could be as in Table 5, or in the first stage of kneading, guanidines were not added and the ingredients were kneaded in the Banbury mixer, thereby preparing 5 types of rubber compositions. The obtained, 5 rubber compositions were evaluated in point of the low-heat-generation property (tan δ index) thereof according to the above-mentioned method. For comparison, the data of Example 22 and Comparative Example 15 are again shown here. The results are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Example Comparative Example part by mass 22 30 31 15 19 20 21 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 according to 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 — — — — — — kneading method A 1,3-Di-o-tolylguanidine *19 — 1.0 — — — — — 1-o-tolyl biguanide *20 — — 1.0 — — — — according to 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 — — — — 1.0 — — kneading method B 1,3-Di-o-tolylguanidine *19 — — — — — 1.0 — 1-o-tolyl biguanide *20 — — — — — — 1.0 Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *918 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of guanidines after addition of silica and 90 90 90 — 0 0 0 silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of guanidines 130 130 130 — 65 65 65 Vulcanizate Physical Property Low-Heat-Generation Property (tanδ index) 130 128 124 100 103 104 102 [Notes] *2 to *8 are all the same as in Table 1, and *13, *14 and *18 are the same as in Table 4. *19: Ouchi Shinko Chemical's trade name “Nocceler DT” *20: Ouchi Shinko Chemical's trade name “Nocceler BG”

Examples 32 to 195, and Comparative Examples 22 to 68

According to the compositional formulation and the kneading method shown in Table 6 to Table 32 and in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 31 and Comparative Examples 1 to 21, the ingredients were kneaded in a Banbury mixer in such a controlled manner that, after addition of the rubber component, silica, the silane coupling agent and others in the first stage of kneading, the time (second) before addition of the vulcanization promoter (D) and the temperature (° C.) of the rubber composition at addition of the vulcanization promoter (D) could be as in Table 6 to Table 32, or in the first stage of kneading, the vulcanization promoter (D) was not added and the ingredients were kneaded in the Banbury mixer, thereby preparing 211 types of rubber compositions. The obtained, 211 rubber compositions were evaluated in point of the low-heat-generation property (tan δ index) thereof according to the above-mentioned method. For comparison, the data of some Examples and some Comparative Examples are again shown here. The results are shown in Table 6 to Table 32.

TABLE 6 Example Comparative Example part by mass 32 33 34 35 36 37 1 2 3 22 23 6 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 of Kneading Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 — Silica *3 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 — 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1.0 1.0 N-cyclohexyl-2- 1.0 0.3 1.5 1.0 0.1 2.5 — — — — — — benzothiazolylsulfenamide *18 according to kneading method A N-cyclohexyl-2- — — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — benzothiazolylsulfenamide *18 according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — 2.0 2.0 — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of N-cyclohexyl-2- 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — 0 0 — benzothiazolylsulfenamide after addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — 70 70 — N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 130 127 131 135 117 129 100 101 104 105 104 102 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5.

TABLE 7 Comparative Example Example part by mass 32 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 1 7 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 — — 100 — of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-B *10 — — — — — — — 100 100 — 100 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 N-cyclohexyl-2- 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — benzothiazolylsulfenamide *18 according to kneading method A N-cyclohexyl-2- — — — — — — — — — — — benzothiazolylsulfenamide *18 according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — — — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of N-cyclohexyl-2- 90 90 60 30 60 120 120 90 60 — — benzothiazolylsulfenamide after addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at 130 145 120 95 130 130 145 130 120 — — addition of N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide Vulcanizate Physical Property Low-Heat-Generation Property 130 133 124 121 127 129 135 131 127 100 102 (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5.

TABLE 8 Example part by mass 46 47 48 49 50 51 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — — — 6.5 — — Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — N-cyclohexyl-2- 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 benzothiazolylsulfenamide *18 according to kneading method A N-cyclohexyl-2- — — — — — — benzothiazolylsulfenamide *18 according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — 2.0 2.0 of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of N-cyclohexyl-2- 90 90 90 90 90 90 benzothiazolylsulfenamide after addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition 130 130 130 130 130 130 at addition of N-cyclohexyl-2- benzothiazolylsulfenamide Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 124 125 120 134 130 128 Property (tanδ index) Example Comparative Example part by mass 52 53 15 16 17 18 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — — — 6.5 — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid — — 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 N-cyclohexyl-2- 1.0 1.0 — — — — benzothiazolylsulfenamide *18 according to kneading method A N-cyclohexyl-2- — — — — — — benzothiazolylsulfenamide *18 according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of N-cyclohexyl-2- 90 90 — — — — benzothiazolylsulfenamide after addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition 130 130 — — — — at addition of N-cyclohexyl-2- benzothiazolylsulfenamide Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 124 139 100 115 110 112 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5.

TABLE 9 Example Comparative Example part by mass 46 54 15 24 25 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 according to N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide *18 1.0 — — — — kneading method A N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide *9 — 1.0 — — — according to N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide *18 — — — 1.0 — kneading method B N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide *9 — — — — 1.0 Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur .5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of sulfenamides after addition of silica and silane coupling agent 90 90 — 0 0 Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of sulfenamides 130 130 — 65 65 Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property (tanδ index) 124 123 100 103 104 Property [Notes] *1 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5.

TABLE 10 Example Comparative Example part by mass 55 56 57 58 59 60 1 2 3 26 27 6 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 of Kneading Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 — Silica *3 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 — 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1.0 1.0 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole *21 0.6 0.3 1.1 0.6 0.1 2.0 — — — — — — according to kneading method A 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole *21 — — — — — — — — — 0.6 0.6 — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — 2.0 2.0 — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole after 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — 0 0 — addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — 70 70 — 2-mercaptobenzothiazole Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 126 125 125 131 124 126 100 101 104 105 104 102 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5. *21: Ouchi Shinko Chemical's trade name “Nocceler M-P”

TABLE 11 Comparative Example Example part by mass 55 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 1 7 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 — — 100 — of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-B *10 — — — — — — — 100 100 — 100 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole *21 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 — — according to kneading method A 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole *21 — — — — — — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — — — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole after 90 90 60 30 60 120 120 90 60 — — addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 145 120 95 130 130 145 130 120 — — 2-mercaptobenzothiazole Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 126 128 124 121 125 127 130 127 125 100 102 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5, and *21 is the same as in Table 10.

TABLE 12 Example part by mass 69 70 71 72 73 74 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — — — 6.5 — — Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole *21 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 according to kneading method A 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole *21 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — 2.0 2.0 of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole after 90 90 90 90 90 90 addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 2-mercaptobenzothiazole Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation 125 127 124 138 126 127 Property Property (tanδ index) Example Comparative Example part by mass 75 76 15 16 17 18 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — — — 6.5 — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid — — 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole *21 0.6 0.6 — — — — according to kneading method A 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole *21 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole after 90 90 — — — — addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 — — — — 2-mercaptobenzothiazole Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation 125 139 100 115 110 112 Property Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5, and *21 is the same as in Table 10.

TABLE 13 Example Comparative Example part by mass 69 77 15 28 29 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 according to 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole *21 0.6 — — — — kneading method A Di-2-benzothiazolyl Disulfide *8 — 1.0 — — — according to 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole *21 — — — 0.6 — kneading method B Di-2-benzothiazolyl Disulfide *8 — — — — 1.0 Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of thiazoles after addition of silica and silane coupling agent 90 90 — 0 0 Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of thiazoles 130 130 — 65 65 Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property (tanδ index) 125 122 100 105 103 Property [Notes] *1 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5, and *21 is the same as in Table 10.

TABLE 14 Example Comparative Example part by mass 78 79 80 81 82 83 1 2 3 30 31 6 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 of Kneading Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 — Silica *3 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 — 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1.0 1.0 Tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram 1.0 0.5 2.0 1.0 0.1 3.0 — — — — — — Disulfide *22 according to kneading method A Tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram — — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — Disulfide *22 according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — 2.0 2.0 — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — 0 0 — disulfide after addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — 70 70 — tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram disulfide Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 128 127 129 142 124 130 100 101 104 105 104 102 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5. *22: Ouchi Shinko Chemical's trade name “Nocceler TOT-N”

TABLE 15 Comparative Example Example part by mass 78 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 1 7 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 — — 100 — of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-B *10 — — — — — — — 100 100 — 100 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram disulfide 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — *22 according to kneading method A Tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram disulfide — — — — — — — — — — — *22 according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — — — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram 90 90 60 30 60 120 120 90 60 — — disulfide after addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 145 120 95 130 130 145 130 120 — — tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram disulfide Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 128 131 124 123 127 128 131 131 127 100 102 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *10 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5, and *22 is the same as in Table 14.

TABLE 16 Example part by mass 92 93 94 95 96 97 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — — — 6.5 — — Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — Tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram Disulfide *22 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 according to kneading method A Tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram Disulfide *22 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — 2.0 2.0 of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram disulfide after 90 90 90 90 90 90 addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram disulfide Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property (tanδ 130 128 126 140 133 130 Property index) Example Comparative Example part by mass 98 99 15 16 17 18 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — — — 6.5 — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid — — 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram Disulfide *22 1.0 1.0 — — — — according to kneading method A Tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram Disulfide *22 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram disulfide after 90 90 — — — — addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 — — — — tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram disulfide Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property (tanδ 126 143 100 115 110 112 Property index) [Notes] *2 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5, and *22 is the same as in Table 14.

TABLE 17 Example Comparative Example part by mass 92 100 15 32 33 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 according to kneading Tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram 1.0 — — — — method A Disulfide *22 Tetrabenzylthiuram Disulfide *23 — 1.0 — — — according to kneading Tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram — — — 1.0 — method B Disulfide *22 Tetrabenzylthiuram Disulfide *23 — — — — 1.0 Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of thiurams after addition of silica and silane coupling agent 90 90 — 0 0 Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of thiurams 130 130 — 65 65 Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property (tanδ index) 130 131 100 105 103 Property [Notes] *2 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5, and *22 is the same as in Table 14. *23: Sanshin Chemical's trade name “Sanceler TBZTD”

TABLE 18 Example Comparative Example part by mass 101 102 103 104 105 106 1 2 3 34 35 6 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 of Kneading Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 — Silica *3 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 — 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1.0 1.0 N,N′-diethylthiourea *24 1.0 0.5 2.0 1.0 0.1 3.0 — — — — — — according to kneading method A N,N′-diethylthiourea *24 — — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — 2.0 2.0 — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of N,N′-diethylthiourea after 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — 0 0 — addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — 70 70 — N,N′-diethylthiourea Vulcanizate Physical Property Low-Heat-Generation Property 122 121 122 126 118 122 100 101 104 103 102 102 (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1. *24: Ouchi Shinko Chemical′s trade name “Nocceler EUR”

TABLE 19 Comparative Example Example part by mass 101 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 1 7 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 — — 100 — of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-B *10 — — — — — — — 100 100 — 100 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 10 Silica *3 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 N,N′-diethylthiourea *24 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — according to kneading method A N,N′-diethylthiourea *24 — — — — — — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — — — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of N,N′-diethylthiourea after 90 90 60 30 60 120 120 90 60 — — addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition 130 145 120 95 130 130 145 130 120 — — of N,N′-diethylthiourea Vulcanizate Physical Property Low-Heat-Generation Property 122 125 118 117 121 123 125 125 121 100 102 (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *10 are all the same as in Table 1 and Table 2, and *24 is the same as in Table 18.

TABLE 20 Example part by mass 115 116 117 118 119 120 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — — — 6.5 — — Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — N,N′-diethylthiourea *24 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 according to kneading method A N,N′-diethylthiourea *24 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — 2.0 2.0 of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of N,N′-diethylthiourea after addition 90 90 90 90 90 90 of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 N,N′-diethylthiourea Vulcanizate Physical Property Low-Heat-Generation 124 125 122 128 126 125 Property (tanδ index) Example Comparative Example part by mass 121 122 15 16 17 18 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — — — 6.5 — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid — — 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 N,N′-diethylthiourea *24 1.0 1.0 — — — — according to kneading method A N,N′-diethylthiourea *24 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of N,N′-diethylthiourea after addition 90 90 — — — — of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 — — — — N,N′-diethylthiourea Vulcanizate Physical Property Low-Heat-Generation 124 130 100 115 110 112 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *2 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5, and *24 is the same as in Table 18.

TABLE 21 Example Comparative Example part by mass 115 123 124 15 36 37 38 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 according to N,N′-diethylthiourea *24 1.0 — — — — — — kneading method A Trimethylthiourea *25 — 1.0 — — — — — N,N,′-diphenylthiourea *26 — — 1.0 — — — — according to N,N′-diethylthiourea *24 — — — — 1.0 — — kneading method B Trimethylthiourea *25 — — — — — 1.0 — N,N′-diphenylthiourea *26 — — — — — — 1.0 Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of thioureas after addition of silica and silane 90 90 90 — 0 0 0 coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of thioureas 130 130 130 — 65 65 65 Vulcanizate Physical Property Low-Heat-Generation Property (tanδ index) 124 121 125 100 105 103 103 [Notes] *2 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5, and *24 is the same as in Table 18. *25: Sanshin Chemical′s trade name “Sanceler TMU” *26: Ouchi Shinko Chemical′s trade name “Nocceler C”

TABLE 22 Example Comparative Example part by mass 125 126 127 128 129 130 1 2 3 39 40 6 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 of Kneading Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 — Silica*3 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 — 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1.0 1.0 Zinc Dibenzyldithiocarbamate *27 1.0 0.5 2.0 1.0 0.1 3.0 — — — — — — according to kneading method A Zinc Dibenzyldithiocarbamate *27 — — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — 2.0 2.0 — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS*9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate after 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — 0 0 — addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of zinc 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — 70 70 — dibenzyldithiocarbamate Vulcanizate Physical Property Low-Heat-Generation 133 129 132 136 124 132 100 101 104 105 105 102 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1. *27: Ouchi Shinko Chemical's trade name “Nocceler ZTC”

TABLE 23 Comparative Example Example part by mass 125 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 1 7 Formulation First Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 — — 100 — Stage of Kneading Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-B *10 — — — — — — — 100 100 — 100 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Dibenzyldithiocarbamate *27 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — according to kneading method A Zinc Dibenzyldithiocarbamate *27 — — — — — — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — — — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate after addition 90 90 60 30 60 120 120 90 60 — — of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition 130 145 120 95 130 130 145 130 120 — — of zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate Vulcanizate Physical Property Low-Heat-Generation Property 133 136 126 125 131 136 140 138 130 100 102 (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *10 are all the same as in Table 1 and Table 2, and *27 is the same as in Table 22.

TABLE 24 Example part by mass 139 140 141 142 143 144 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — — — 6.5 — — Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — Zinc Dibenzyldithiocarbamate *27 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 according to kneading method A Zinc Dibenzyldithiocarbamate *27 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — 2.0 2.0 of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate after 90 90 90 90 90 90 addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of zinc 130 130 130 130 130 130 dibenzyldithiocarbamate Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation 130 132 129 141 134 133 Property Property (tanδ index) Example Comparative Example part by mass 145 146 15 16 17 18 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — — — 6.5 — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid — — 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Dibenzyldithiocarbamate *27 1.0 1.0 — — — — according to kneading method A Zinc Dibenzyldithiocarbamate *27 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate after 90 90 — — — — addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of zinc 130 130 — — — — dibenzyldithiocarbamate Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation 130 146 100 115 110 112 Property Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *2 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5, and *27 is the same as in Table 22.

TABLE 25 Example Comparative Example part by mass 139 147 148 149 15 41 42 43 44 Formu- First Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 lation Stage Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Carbon Black N220 *2 10   10   10   10   10   10   10   10   10   Kneading Silica *3 80   80   80   80   80   80   80   80   80   Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 according to Zinc Dibenzyl- 1.0 — — — — — — — — kneading dithiocarbamate *27 method A Zinc N-ethyl-N- — 1.0 — — — — — — — phenyldithiocarbamate *28 Zinc dimethyl- — — 1.0 — — — — — — dithiocarbamate *29 Copper Dimethyl- — — — 1.0 — — — — — dithiocarbamate *30 according to Zinc Dibenzyl- — — — — — 1.0 — — — kneading dithiocarbamate *27 method B Zinc N-ethyl-N- — — — — — — 1.0 — — phenyldithiocarbamate *28 Zinc dimethyl- — — — — — — — 1.0 — dithiocarbamate *29 Copper Dimethyl- — — — — — — — — 1.0 dithiocarbamate *30 Final Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — — Stage Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — — of Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Kneading 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of dithiocarbamate salts after 90   90   90   90   — 0   0   0   0   addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130    130    130    130    — 65   65   65   65   dithiocarbamate salts Vulcanizate Low-Heat-Generation Property 130    131    130    126    100    105    105    106    103    Physical Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *2 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5, and *27 is the same as in Table 22. *28: Sanshin Chemical's trade name “Sanceler PX” *29: Sanshin Chemical's trade name “Sanceler PZ” *30: Sanshin Chemical's trade name “Sanceler TT-CU”

TABLE 26 Example Comparative Example part by mass 150 151 152 153 154 155 1 2 3 4 5 6 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 of Kneading Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 — Silica *3 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 — 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1.0 1.0 Zinc Isopropylxanthate *31 1.0 0.5 2.0 1.0 0.1 3.0 — — — — — — according to kneading method A Zinc Isopropylxanthate *31 — — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — 2.0 2.0 — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of zinc isopropylxanthate after 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — 0 0 — addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — 70 70 — of zinc isopropylxanthate Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 121 120 121 124 118 121 100 101 104 103 103 102 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1. *31: Ouchi Shinko Chemical's trade name “Nocceler ZIX-O”

TABLE 27 Comparative Example Example part by mass 150 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 1 7 Formulation First Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 — — 100 — Stage of Kneading Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-B *10 — — — — — — — 100 100 — 100 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Isopropylxanthate *31 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — according to kneading method A Zinc Isopropylxanthate *31 — — — — — — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — — — — Stage of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — — — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of zinc isopropylxanthate after 90 90 60 30 60 120 120 90 60 — — addition of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 145 120 95 130 130 145 130 120 — — zinc isopropylxanthate Vulcanizate Physical Property Low-Heat-Generation Property 121 123 120 119 121 122 123 122 122 100 102 (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *10 are all the same as in Table 1 and Table 2, and *31 is the same as in Table 26.

TABLE 28 Example part by weight 164 165 166 167 168 169 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — — — 6.5 — — Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — Zinc Isopropylxanthate *31 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 according to kneading method A Zinc Isopropylxanthate *31 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — 2.0 2.0 of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of zinc isopropylxanthate after addition 90 90 90 90 90 90 of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of zinc 130 130 130 130 130 130 isopropylxanthate Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 123 125 121 130 124 125 Property (tanδ index) Example Comparative Example part by weight 170 171 15 16 17 18 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-C *13 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 of Kneading Solution-Polymerized SBR-D *14 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 68.75 Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 10 10 10 Silica *3 80 80 80 80 80 80 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 — — 6.5 — — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT *15 — — — 6.5 — — Silane Coupling Agent NXT-Z *16 6.5 — — — 6.5 — Silane Coupling Agent *17 — 6.5 — — — 6.5 Aromatic Oil 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Stearic Acid — — 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Isopropylxanthate *31 1.0 1.0 — — — — according to kneading method A Zinc Isopropylxanthate *31 — — — — — — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 — — — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 — — — — Zinc Flower 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vulcanization Promoter CBS *18 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of zinc isopropylxanthate after addition 90 90 — — — — of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of zinc 130 130 — — — — isopropylxanthate Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 121 133 100 115 110 112 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *2 to *18 are all the same as in Table 1 to Table 5, and *31 is the same as in Table 26.

TABLE 29 Example Comparative Example part by mass 172 173 174 175 176 177 45 46 47 48 49 50 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 of Kneading Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 — Silica *32 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 — 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1.0 1.0 1-3-Phenylguanidine *6 1.0 0.3 1.5 1.0 0.1 2.5 — — — — — — according to kneading method A 1-3-Phenylguanidine *6 — — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — 2 2 — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine after addition 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — 0 0 — of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — 70 70 — 1,3-diphenylguanidine Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 142 137 140 146 126 137 100 101 105 107 112 104 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1. *32: Tosoh Silica's trade name “Nipseal KQ”, BET specific surface area 240 m²/g

TABLE 30 Example Comparative Example part by mass 178 179 180 181 182 183 51 52 53 54 55 56 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 of Kneading Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 — Silica *33 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 — 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1.0 1.0 1-3-Phenylguanidine *6 1.0 0.3 1.5 1.0 0.1 2.5 — — — — — — according to kneading method A 1-3-Phenylguanidine *6 — — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — 2 2 — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine after addition 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — 0 0 — of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — 70 70 — 1,3-diphenylguanidine Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 130 125 130 135 115 130 100 100 104 104 108 101 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1. *33: Tosoh Silica's trade name “Nipseal NS”, BET specific surface area 160 m²/g

TABLE 31 Example Comparative Example part by mass 184 185 186 187 188 189 57 58 59 60 61 62 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 of Kneading Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 — Silica *34 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 — 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1.0 1.0 1-3-Phenylguanidine *6 1.0 0.3 1.5 1.0 0.1 2.5 — — — — — — according to kneading method A 1-3-Phenylguanidine *6 — — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — 2 2 — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine after addition 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — 0 0 — of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — 70 70 — 1,3-diphenylguanidine Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 120 115 118 125 111 124 100 100 103 102 106 101 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1. *34: Tosoh Silica's trade name “Nipseal NA”, BET specific surface area 135 m²/g

TABLE 32 Example Comparative Example part by mass 190 191 192 193 194 195 63 64 65 66 67 68 Formulation First Stage Emulsion-Polymerized SBR-A *1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 of Kneading Carbon Black N220 *2 10 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 — Silica *35 50 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 Silane Coupling Agent Si75 *4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 — 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 Aromatic Oil 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Stearic Acid 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 — — 2.0 2.0 Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 — — 1.0 1.0 1-3-Phenylguanidine *6 1.0 0.3 1.5 1.0 0.1 2.5 — — — — — — according to kneading method A 1-3-Phenylguanidine *6 — — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — according to kneading method B Final Stage Stearic Acid — — — — — — — — 2 2 — — of Kneading Antiaging Agent 6PPD *5 — — — — — — — — 1.0 1.0 — — Antiaging Agent TMDQ *7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Zinc Flower 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1,3-Diphenylguanidine *6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Vulcanization Promoter MBTS *8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Vulcanization Promoter TBBS *9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Time (sec) until addition of 1,3-diphenylguanidine after addition 90 90 90 90 90 90 — — — 0 0 — of silica and silane coupling agent Temperature (° C.) of rubber composition at addition of 130 130 130 130 130 130 — — — 70 70 — 1,3-diphenylguanidine Vulcanizate Physical Low-Heat-Generation Property 113 106 111 114 106 111 100 100 101 100 103 100 Property (tanδ index) [Notes] *1 to *9 are all the same as in Table 1. *35: Tosoh Silica's trade name “Nipseal ER”, BET specific surface area 95 m²/g

As obvious from Table 1 to Table 32, the rubber compositions of Examples 1 to 195 are all better than the comparative rubber compositions of Comparative Examples 1 to 68 in point of the low-heat-generation property (tan δ index).

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

According to the production method for a rubber composition of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a rubber composition excellent in low-heat-generation property with successfully inhibiting the coupling function activity of the silane coupling agent used from lowering and with further increasing the coupling function activity thereof, and is therefore favorably used as a production method for constitutive members of various types of pneumatic tires for passenger cars, small-size trucks, minivans, pickup trucks and big-size vehicles (trucks, buses, construction vehicles, etc.) and others, especially for tread members of pneumatic radial tires. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for producing a rubber composition containing a rubber component (A) of at least one selected from natural rubbers and synthetic dienic rubbers, a filler containing an inorganic filler (B), a silane coupling agent (C) and a vulcanization promoter (D), wherein the rubber composition is kneaded in multiple stages, and in the first stage of kneading, the rubber component (A), all or a part of the inorganic filler (B), and all or a part of the silane coupling agent (C) are kneaded, and then the vulcanization promoter (D) is added and further kneaded; wherein the number of molecules of the vulcanization promoter (D) in the rubber composition in the first stage of kneading is from 0.1 to 1.0 time the number of molecules of the silane coupling agent (C) therein.
 2. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the vulcanization promoter (D) is at least one selected from guanidines, sulfenamides, thiazoles, thiurams, dithiocarbamate salts, thioureas and xanthate salts.
 3. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein in the first stage, the vulcanization promoter (D) is added when the temperature of the rubber composition has reached from 130 to 180° C.
 4. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein in the first stage, the time to be taken before the vulcanization promoter (D) is added after the rubber component (A), all or a part of the inorganic filler (B) and all or a part of the silane coupling agent (C) are added is from 10 to 180 seconds.
 5. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the silane coupling agent (C) is at least one compound selected from a group of compounds represented by the following general formulae (I) to (IV): [Chemical Formula 1] (R¹O)_(3-p)(R²)_(p)Si—R³—S_(a)—R³—Si(OR¹)_(3-r)(R²)_(r)  (I) (wherein multiple R¹'s may be the same or different, each representing a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxylalkyl group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, or a hydrogen atom; multiple R²'s may be the same or different, each representing a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; multiple R³'s may be the same or different, each representing a linear or branched alkylene group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; a indicates from 2 to 6 as a mean value; p and r may be the same or different, each indicating from 0 to 3 as a mean value, provided that both p and r are not 3 at the same time);

(wherein R⁴ represents a monovalent group selected from —Cl, —Br, R⁹O—, R⁹C(═O)O—, R⁹R¹⁰C═NO—, R⁹R¹⁰CNO—, R⁹R¹⁰N—, and —(OSiR⁹R¹⁰)_(h)(OSiR⁹R¹⁰R¹¹)(where R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ each represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; and h indicates from 1 to 4 as a mean value); R⁵ represents R⁴, a hydrogen atom, or a hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; R⁶ represents R⁴, R⁵, a hydrogen atom, or a group —[O(R¹²O)_(j)]_(0.5) (where R¹² represents an alkylene group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; and j indicates an integer of from 1 to 4); R⁷ represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; R⁸ represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; x, y and z each indicates a number satisfying the relationship of x+y+2z=3, 0≦x≦3, 0≦y≦2, 0≦z≦1); [Chemical Formula 3] (R¹³O)_(3-s)(R¹⁴)_(s)Si—R¹⁵—S_(k)—R¹⁶—S_(k)—R¹⁶—Si(OR¹³)_(3-t)(R¹⁴)_(t)  (III) (wherein multiple R¹³'s may be the same or different, each representing a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a linear or branched alkoxylalkyl group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, or a hydrogen atom; multiple R¹⁴'s may be the same or different, each representing a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; multiple R¹⁵'s may be the same or different, each representing a linear or branched alkylene group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R¹⁶ represents a divalent group of a general formula (—S—R¹⁷—S—), (—R¹⁸—S_(m1)—R¹⁹—) or (—R²⁰—S_(m2)—R²¹—S_(m3)—R²²—) (where R¹⁷ to R²² each represents a divalent hydrocarbon group, a divalent aromatic group or a divalent organic group containing a hetero element except sulfur and oxygen, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; m1, m2 and m3 may be the same or different, each indicating from 1 to less than 4 as a mean value); multiple k's may be the same or different, each indicating from 1 to 6 as a mean value; s and t each indicates from 0 to 3 as a mean value, provided that both s and t are not 3 at the same time);

(wherein R²³ represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; multiple G's may be the same or different, each representing an alkanediyl group or an alkenediyl group having from 1 to 9 carbon atoms; multiple Z^(a)'s may be the same or different, each representing a functional group capable of bonding to the two silicon atoms and selected from [—O—]_(0.5), [—O-G-]_(0.5) and [—O-G-O—]_(0.5); multiple Z^(b)'s may be the same or different, each representing a functional group capable of bonding to the two silicon atoms and represented by [—O-G-O—]_(0.5); multiple Z^(c)'s may be the same or different, each representing a functional group selected from —Cl, —Br, —OR^(a), R^(a)C(═O)O—, R^(a)R^(b)C═NO—, R^(a)R^(b)N—, R^(a)- and HO-G-O— (where G is the same as above); R^(a) and R^(b) each represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; m, n, u, v and w each are 1≦m≦20, 0≦n≦20, 0≦u≦3, 0≦v≦2, 0≦w≦1, and (u/2)+v+2w is 2 or 3; in case where the formula has multiple A's, then Z^(a) _(u), Z^(b) _(v) and Z^(c) _(w) may be the same or different in those multiple A's; in case where the formula has multiple B's, then Z^(a) _(u), Z^(b) _(v) and Z^(c) _(w) may be the same or different in those multiple B's).
 6. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 5, wherein the silane coupling agent (C) is a compound represented by the general formula (I).
 7. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler (B) is silica.
 8. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic filler (B) accounts for at least 30% by mass of the filler.
 9. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the vulcanization promoter (D) comprises a guanidine, and the guanidine is at least one compound selected from 1,3-diphenylguanidine, 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine and 1-o-tolylbiguanide.
 10. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the vulcanization promoter (D) comprises a sulfenamide, and the sulfenamide is at least one compound selected from N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide and N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide.
 11. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the vulcanization promoter (D) comprises a thiazole, and the thiazole is at least one compound selected from 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide.
 12. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the vulcanization promoter (D) comprises a thiuram, and the thiuram is at least one compound selected from tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuram disulfide and tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide.
 13. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the vulcanization promoter (D) comprises a thiourea, and the thiourea is at least one compound selected from N,N′-diethylthiourea, trimethylthiourea, N,N′-diphenylthiourea and N,N′-dimethylthiourea.
 14. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the vulcanization promoter (D) comprises a dithiocarbamate salt, and the dithiocarbamate salt is at least one compound selected from zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate, zinc N-ethyl-N-phenyldithiocarbamate, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and copper dimethyldithiocarbamate.
 15. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the vulcanization promoter (D) comprises a xanthate salt, and the xanthate salt is zinc isopropylxanthate.
 16. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein at least 50 mol % of an organic acid compound in the rubber composition in the first stage of kneading is stearic acid.
 17. The method for producing a rubber composition according to claim 1, wherein the rubber component (A) contains at least one selected from emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer and natural rubber, and at least 50 mol % of an organic acid compound contained in the rubber composition in the first stage of kneading is at least one compound selected from rosin acids and fatty acids contained in at least one selected from the emulsion-polymerized styrene butadiene copolymer and the natural rubber. 